Resources
Red, White and Blue Marks:
All constants are shipped with at least 3 color-coded rivets (red, white and blue).
Red: operating (HOT) position
White: installation (COLD) position
Blue: over travel (MAX AVAILABLE) position
Below are sketches of one direction vertical travel:
Below is a sketch of dual direction vertical travel:
Welds, fittings, branch connections , and other piping components where the possibility of fatigue failure could occur.
The Stress-Intensification Factor is the ratio of the maximum stress intensity compared to the nominal stress.
The maximum shear stress theory states that failure of a piping component occurs when the maximum shear stress exceeds the shear stress at the yield point in a tensile test.
The Maximum Principle Stress Theory and Maximum Shear Stress Theory
This theory states that yielding in a piping component occurs when the magnitude of any of the three mutually perpendicular principal stresses exceeds the yield strength of the material.
Failure by general yielding, yielding at sub-elevated temperature, brittle fractures, and fatigue.
Stress analysis ensures the safety of piping and piping components, safety of connected equipment and supporting structure, and that piping deflections are within limits.
A term applied to calculations, which address the static and dynamic loading, resulting from the effects of gravity, temperature changes, internal pressures, fluid flow, seismic activity, and any external loads.
It is a visual representation of the effects of various loading conditions on a piping system between stress and strain.
Vibration, thermal bowing, creep, thermal fatigue, and steam/water.
Excessive flexibility causes an increase in material costs, pressure drops, and loss of pump efficiency.
Using flexible piping with bends and turns, use of expansion loops between fixed locations, or use of expansion joints between two anchor points of a pipe run.
Flexibility analysis assures that there is not any overstress or fatigue, leakage at joints or distortions are piping connections or terminals.
To produce neither excessive stress within the configuration and limit excessive end reaction at the piping terminal.
Conventional and nuclear power plant, petroleum refinery, chemical industry, natural gas transmission, food processing and pharma industry, water and sewage plants, air conditioning and refrigeration system.
Fluctuating temperatures, changes in pressure, and modification in flow rate.
