Backflow or Reverseflow is caused through back syphonage or back syphonage.

The syphon principle is a system in which syphon principle is employed to carry water through elevated parts.

The first critical value of piping size criteria is allowable pressure drop for the entire network.

To add pseudo loops in the Hardy Cross method, you should add psuedo loops as required.

To assign direction, you should assign base direction and indicate whether to go clockwise or counterclockwise.

In the number system in the Hardy Cross Method, you should assign complete numbers of the entire system.

The Hardy Cross Method determines flow inside the piping network.

To determine the flow in the Hardy Cross Method, you should create a skeleton drawing of network.

To number loops in the Hardy Cross Method, you should number all loops in the sequence in arbitrary fashion.

Branching pipes are pipes that do not run parallel or in series.

The goal in head loss calculation is to economically transport fluid.

Two-pipe systems are said to be equivalent when same head loss produces the same discharge in both systems.

Power piping systems refer to piping within facility intended to generate electricity.

Power piping systems are intended to convey steam and water.

Series piping has the same fluid flowing through all the piping and head losses are cumulative.

A service system provides cooling water to plant’s component, heat exchangers, and other required service areas by plant.

Process piping systems refers to piping within chemical/petroleum processing unit.

Process piping systems intend to convey petroleum, raw, intermediate, and finished chemicals, gas, steam, air and water, fluidized solids, refrigerants, and cryogenic fluids.

The two main purposes of water distribution are to supply sufficient quantity of water to all parts of system and to maintain adequate pressure at all times and in all conditions.

A condenser system circulates water to condense steam exhausted by turbines in plants.